| Age group share in total population | Proportion of population in age groups to total population (total and by sex). | - FAO Statistics Division
- UN Population Division |
| Agricultural area | Agricultural area refers to:
(a) arable land - land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted only once), temporary meadows for mowing or pasture, land under market and kitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow (less than five years). The abandoned land resulting from shifting cultivation is not included in this category. Data for arable land are not meant to indicate the amount of land that is potentially cultivable;
(b) permanent crops - land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee and rubber; this category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber; and
(c) permanent pastures - land used permanently (five years or more) for herbaceous forage crops, either cultivated or growing wild (wild prairie or grazing land).
Data are expressed in 1 000 hectares. | FAO Annual Production Questionnaire - National Statistical Yearbook - Official/Governmental websites |
| Agricultural census | Agricultural census or census of agriculture can be defined as a large-scale, periodic, statistical operation for the collection of quantitative information on the structure of agriculture. The word "census" implies a complete enumeration of all agricultural holdings. However, by extension it can be conducted by a sample enumeration, provided the sample is large enough to generate sub-national data. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Agricultural export quantity index | Quantity indices for the aggregate agricultural and aggregate food products represent the changes in the price-weighted sum of quantities of products traded between countries. The weights are the unit value averages of 1989-1991. The formulas used are of the Laspeyres type.
Indices for food products include commodities that are considered edible and contain nutrients, except for animal feed products and alcoholic beverages. Coffee and tea are also excluded because, although edible, they have practically no nutritive value. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Agricultural export unit value index | Unit value indices for the aggregate agricultural and aggregate food products represent the changes in the quantity-weighted unit values of products traded between countries. The weights are the quantity averages of 1989-1991. The formulas used are of the Laspeyres type.
Indices for food products include commodities that are considered edible and contain nutrients, except for animal feed products and alcoholic beverages. Coffee and tea are also excluded because, although edible, they have practically no nutritive value. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Agricultural export value index | Value indices represent the change in the current values of Export f.o.b (free on board) all expressed in US dollars. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Agricultural holding | Agricultural holding or holding is an economic unit of agricultural production under single management comprising all livestock kept and all land used wholly or partly for agricultural production purposes, without regard to title, legal form, or size. Single management may be exercised by an individual or household, jointly by two or more individuals or households, by a clan or tribe, or by a juridical person such as a corporation, cooperative or government agency. The holding's land may consist of one or more parcels, located in one or more separate areas or in one or more territorial or administrative divisions, providing the parcels share the same production means utilized by the holding, such as labour, farm buildings, machinery or draught animals. The requirement of sharing the same production means utilized by the holding, such as labour, farm buildings, machinery or draught animals should be fulfilled to a degree to justify the consideration of various parcels as components of one economic unit. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Agricultural import quantity index | Quantity indices for the aggregate agricultural and aggregate food products represent the changes in the price-weighted sum of quantities of products traded between countries. The weights are the unit value averages of 1989-1991. The formulas used are of the Laspeyres type.
Indices for food products include commodities that are considered edible and contain nutrients, except for animal feed products and alcoholic beverages. Coffee and tea are also excluded because, although edible, they have practically no nutritive value. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Agricultural import unit value index | Unit value indices represent the changes in the quantity-weighted unit values of products traded between countries. The weights are the quantity averages of 1989-1991. The formulas used are of the Laspeyres type. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Agricultural import value index | Value indices represent the change in the current values of Import c.i.f. (cost, insurance and freight) all expressed in US dollars.
For countries which report import values on an f.o.b. (free on board) basis, these are adjusted to approximate c.i.f. values (by a standard factor of 112 percent). | FAO Statistics Division |
| Agricultural population | Agricultural population is defined as all persons depending for their livelihood on agriculture, hunting, fishing and forestry. It comprises all persons economically active in agriculture as well as their non-working dependents. It is not necessary that this referred population exclusively come from rural population. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Agricultural production index | Cf. Agricultural production indices under Methodologies. | FAO. 2003. FAO Production Yearbook. Vol. 56. Rome. |
| Agricultural requisites | Data refer to trade values of the agricultural inputs: fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural machinery. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Agricultural tractors | Agricultural tractors generally refer to wheel and crawler tractors (excluding garden tractors) used in agriculture. Data are expressed in numbers in use in the agricultural sector. | FAO Statistics Division,
http://www.fao.org/es/ess/compendium_2004/concepts.asp |
| Agricultural trade | Refers to imports and exports of food and agriculture products, excluding fishery and forestry products. The aggregated item “Agriculture products, Total” (FAOSTAT item code 1882) includes only the food and agriculture products. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Agriculture, value added | Agriculture corresponds to the divisions 1-5 of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC, revision 3) and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Data are in current or constant US dollars. | World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| Ammonium nitrate | (NH4NO3), is produced by neutralizing nitric acid (HNO3) with ammonia (NH3). Ammonium nitrate may be in white or off-white granular or prilled form and coated with a suitable material to prevent absorption of moisture and caking in storage. Pure ammonium nitrate may have a total nitrogen content of about 35%, of which one-half is present as ammoniac nitrogen and the other half as nitrate nitrogen. | |
| Ammonium sulphate | (NH4)2SO4, is produced by reacting ammonia with sulphuric acid (H2SO4). It is produced as fine white granules or crystals and contains not less than 20.6% nitrogen in ammoniac form. | |
| Anhydrous ammonia (for direct application) | (NH3) is a material mostly produced by the synthetic process and at standard temperature and pressure is a gas. Fertilizer grade anhydrous ammonia contains about 82% of nitrogen. | |
| Arable and Permanent Crops | Arable and permanent crops refer to the sum of temporary (from arable land) and permanent crops.
(sum of Elements 071 (Arable land) and 121 (Permanent crops).) | |
| Arable land | Arable land refers to land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted only once), temporary meadows for mowing or pasture, land under market and kitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow (less than five years). The abandoned land resulting from shifting cultivation is not included. Data for arable land is not meant to indicate the amount of land that is potentially cultivable. Data are expressed in 1 000 hectares. | FAO Annual Production Questionnaire
- National Statistical Yearbook
- Official/Governmental websites |
| Area frame | A sampling frame wherein the sampling units are portions of land, called segments. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Area harvested | Data refer to the area from which a crop is gathered. Area harvested, therefore, excludes the area from which, although sown or planted, there was no harvest due to damage, failure, etc. It is usually net for temporary crops and some times gross for permanent crops. Net area differs from gross area insofar as the latter includes uncultivated patches, footpaths, ditches, headlands, shoulders, shelterbelts, etc.
If the crop under consideration is harvested more than once during the year as a consequence of successive cropping (i.e. the same crop is sown or planted more than once in the same field during the year), the area is counted as many times as harvested. On the contrary, area harvested will be recorded only once in the case of successive gathering of the crop during the year from the same standing crops. With regard to mixed and associated crops, the area sown relating to each crop should be reported separately. When the mixture refers to particular crops, generally grains, it is recommended to treat the mixture as if it were a single crop; therefore, area sown is recorded only for the crop reported. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Area measurement | Refers to the operation of measuring the size of fields (i) on the ground, using measuring tapes and other instruments such as compass, clinometer, etc. or (ii) using remote sensing (aerial or satellite) images. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Area sown | Refers to the area on which sowing or planting has been carried out, for the crop under consideration, on the soil prepared for that purpose. The area is usually reported net of uncultivated patches, footpaths, ditches, headlands, shoulders, shelterbelts, etc. For tree crops, the gross concept may be applied. With regard to mixed and associated crops, countries are requested to report the area sown for each crop separately. When the mixture refers to particular crops, generally grains, it is recommended to treat the mixture as if it were a single crop.
Data are recorded in hectares (ha). The information on area sown allows for a particular application of the SUA system where the quantity allotted for next year’s sowing, which enters the account of this year, is calculated as a seeding rate times the area sown of the next year. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Associated or mixed cropping | Associated crops are those sown interplanted with other temporary or permanent crops, for example, beans and maize. This way of cultivation is widely used in many African countries, particularly for food crops. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Biological production | Biological production is production still on the plants. It is one of the three main concepts of production (and yield) used by countries when reporting to FAO. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Body mass index (BMI) | The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height of older children, adolescents and adults. It is calculated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres), squared. The acceptable range for adults is 18.5 to 24.9 , and for children it varies with age. | Human energy requirement (Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation), 2001 |
| Calcium ammonium nitrate | NH4NO3+CaCO3, is produced from ammonium nitrate and finely pulverized calcium carbonate (CACO3). It contains not less than 20.5% and up to 28% of nitrogen, half of which is in the form of ammoniac nitrogen and the other half in the form of nitrate nitrogen. It is produced as white, off-white or grey granules or prills. | |
| Capital stock in agriculture and investment in agriculture | The estimate of capital stock in agriculture refers to a value that is attached to the total physical capital capacity available for repeated use in the production of other goods, in existence at specific point in time in the economy of agriculture sector. The estimates of investment in agriculture have indirectly been derived by the FAO Statistics Division using physical data on livestock, tractors, irrigated land and land under permanent crops etc., and the average prices for the year 1995. These data enabled the derivation of the capital stock in agriculture which is the gross, and the annual change in the latter is taken to reflect investment in agriculture. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Census committee | An inter-ministerial or inter-agency committee consisting of high-level personnel with main responsibilities consisting of the overall planning and direction of the census, in cooperation with and/or subject to the review of the census coordinator. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Census pre-tests | Usually small-scale exercises for evaluating specific aspects of the census during the preparatory phase. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Cereal food aid shipments | Food aid shipments represent a transfer of food commodities from donor to recipient countries on a total-grant basis. Processed and blended cereals are converted into their grain equivalent by applying the conversion factors included in the Rule of Procedures under the 1999 Food Aid Convention to facilitate comparisons between deliveries of different commodities. | From 1970/71 to 1990/91, data on food aid shipments was compiled by FAO from the information provided by donor countries, and complemented by data provided by the FAO Consultative Sub-Committee on Surplus Disposal, the World Food Programme (WFP), the International Wheat Council, OECD, and other international organizations. From 1990/91 to date, the information on food aid shipments has been provided to FAO exclusively by WFP. |
| Child mortality rate (infant mortality rate) | The infant mortality rate is the probability (expressed as a rate per 1 000 live births) of a child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of one if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. | World Development Indicators |
| Child mortality rate (under-five mortality rate) | The under-five mortality rate is the probability (expressed as a rate per 1 000 live births) of a child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of five if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. | World Development Indicators |
| CIF | Cost-Insurance-Freight. CIF-trade values include the transaction value of the goods, the value of services performed to deliver goods to the border of the exporting country and the value of the services performed to deliver the goods from the border of the exporting country to the border of the importing country. Import values are mostly reported as CIF. | UNSD. 2004. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual. New York. |
| Commodity code | Trade statistics are usually reported according to the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS), which is an international commodity classification developed under the auspices of the Customs Cooperation Council. The standard HS codes contain six digits, but can be extended to eight, ten or twelve digits according to national tariff and statistical needs. The conversion of the HS codes into FAOSTAT codes is based on a specific conversion table used during trade data processing. | - UNSD. 2004. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual. New York.
- FAO Statistics Division |
| Compost and sewage waste | It covers organic wastes prepared from crop residues and other farm wastes, oil cakes, and biological wastes - animal bones, slaughter house refuse, paper wastes, etc - decomposed naturally for improving soil fertility. Sewage waste will include any wastes from humans, households, commercial establishments, industries, etc | |
| Compound fertilizers | The term 'compound fertilizers' is used in connection with fertilizers which contain more than one of the major plant nutrients. Compounds are produced in both liquid and solid forms. The solid, compound fertilizers may be further divided into mixed fertilizers, produced by a physical mixing process, and complex fertilizers, of which two of the major nutrients are present as the result of a chemical reaction. Mixed fertilizers can be in the form of powder mixtures or blends - the latter consisting of two or more intermediate granular fertilizer materials of matching physical characteristics. Compounds are principally used as such for direct application to the soil for crop production but quantities of some compounds, almost exclusively Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and Diammonium phosphate (DAP), are used for intermediate purposes along with straight materials in the production of other NP and NPK compound fertilizers.
Compounds’ comprise NPK, NP, PK and NK products. | |
| Confidentiality | Refers to the legal obligation of the census staff not to reveal the individual holding data to anyone, neither in the form of raw data nor in the form of tables which may permit disclosure of data for individual holdings. Obligation to respond is often linked to and legitimized by confidentiality as a guarantee for the respondent. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Continuous harvesting | Refers to crops which are harvested continuously throughout the season, such as carrots radishes, sweet potatoes, etc., or crops which are standing in the field more than a year, like sugar cane. The estimation of their production has to include all the harvest during the year. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Coverage | Describes the universe of units to be enumerated; it can include rural and urban areas. Under predefined thresholds, in physical terms or in value, very small holdings may be excluded from the census. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Crop area | Crop area is a surface of land on which a crop is grown. In general, the area measured for cadastral purposes includes, in addition to the area cultivated, headlands, ditches and other non-cultivated areas. Such an area can be called gross area as against the net area which includes only the portion of the gross area actually cultivated. For various reasons, e.g. natural calamities or economic considerations, certain areas planted or sown with a given crop are not harvested or are harvested before the crop reaches maturity. Hence the need for the concept of area to be sub-divided into sown or planted area and harvested area. Sown area data are necessary to estimate quantities used for seeding purposes; harvested area, to provide reliable and accurate yield and production data. A peculiarity of permanent crops is that number of trees or plants is reported in addition to or, instead of, the area planted. This is particularly so as regards plants growing outside of compact plantations, which are either interplanted with other crops or are scattered. Both area and number of trees are also divided into productive or bearing and non-productive or non-bearing areas or trees. In most cases, non-bearing refers to young plants that are not yet bearing. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Crop production | Crop production data refer to the actual harvested production from the field or orchard and gardens, excluding harvesting and threshing losses and that part of crop not harvested for any reason. Production therefore includes the quantities of the commodity sold in the market (marketed production) and the quantities consumed or used by the producers (auto-consumption). When the production data available refers to a production period falling into two successive calendar years and it is not possible to allocate the relative production to each of them, it is usual to refer production data to that year into which the bulk of the production falls.
Crop production data are recorded in tonnes (t). In many countries, crop production data are obtained as a function of the estimated yield and the total area. If such a compilation method of production statistics is enforced by the country, it must be ensured that the total area does not refer to sown or planted area, which would give then the ‘biological production’, but to the actually harvested area during the year. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Crop yield | Harvested production per unit of harvested area for crop products. In most of the cases yield data are not recorded but obtained by dividing the production data by the data on area harvested. Data on yields of permanent crops are not as reliable as those for temporary crops either because most of the area information may correspond to planted area, as for grapes, or because of the scarcity and unreliability of the area figures reported by the countries, as for example for cocoa and coffee. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Crops cultivated simultaneously | Refers to the practice of cultivating two or more different crops simultaneously on the same field or plot. If crops grown simultaneously are temporary and permanent crops together, they are called crops grown in association. Otherwise they are referred to as mixed crops. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Customs value | The definition of the customs value of goods normally covers the transaction value plus the value of the services performed to deliver goods to the border of the importing/exporting country. Whenever this is the case, the customs value should be accepted as the statistical value; in all other cases the compiler should make the necessary adjustments to available customs values or independently estimate statistical value. | UNSD. 2004. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual. New York. |
| Data coding | Refers to the operation where original information from the questionnaire, as recorded by enumerators, is replaced by a numeric code required for processing. Typical examples are when names of crops, livestock, farm machinery, activities etc. are replaced by a unique number (code) or when data expressed in local units are converted to a standard unit. The modern trend is either to enter the complete answer or to use precoded questionnaires and leave the problem of local units to enumerators who are expected to enter in the questionnaires data ready for processing. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Data editing | Refers to checking (manually or by computer) the general credibility of the data with respect to (i) missing data, (ii) range tests, and (iii) logical and/or numerical consistency. Examples could be: (i) non-response (e.g. age of the holder not reported); (ii) improbable or impossible entries (e.g. yield is hundred times higher than normal, etc.). | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Diammonium phosphate (DAP) | (NH4)2HPO4, is produced by evaporating a solution of phosphoric acid with excess of ammonia. | |
| Dietary energy consumption per person | Dietary energy consumption per person refers to the amount of food, expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day, available for each individual in the total population during the reference period. Caloric content is derived by applying the appropriate food composition factors to the quantities of the commodities. Per person supplies are derived from the total amount of food available for human consumption by dividing total calories by total population actually partaking of the food supplies during the reference period.
However, per person figures represent only the average supply available for the population as a whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actually consumed by individuals. The actual food consumption may be lower than the quantity shown as food availability depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses of food in the household, e.g. during storage, in preparation and cooking, as plate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals and pets, thrown or given away. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Dietary energy deficit | The difference between the average daily dietary energy intake of an undernourished population and its average minimum energy requirement. | FAO 1996 - The Sixth World Food Survey |
| Dietary energy excess | The difference between the average daily dietary energy intake of an overnourished population and its average maximum energy requirement. | FAO 1996 - The Sixth World Food Survey |
| Dietary energy requirement | Energy requirement is the amount of food energy needed to balance energy expenditure in order to maintain body size, body composition and to allow optimal growth and development of children, deposition of tissues during pregnancy and secretion of milk during lactation, consistent with long-term good health. | Human energy requirement (Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation), 2001 |
| Dietary fat consumption per person | Dietary fat consumption per person refers to the amount of fat in food, expressed in grams per day, available for each individual in the total population during the reference period. Fat content is derived by applying the appropriate food composition factors to the quantities of the commodities. Per person consumption is derived from the total amount of food available for human consumption by dividing total fat by total population actually partaking of the food supplies during the reference period.
However, per person figures represent only the average supply available for the population as a whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actually consumed by individuals. The actual food consumption may be lower than the quantity shown as food availability depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses of food in the household, e.g. during storage, in preparation and cooking, as plate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals and pets, thrown or given away. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Dietary protein consumption per person | Dietary protein consumption per person refers to the amount of protein in food, expressed in grams per day, available for each individual in the total population during the reference period. Protein content is derived by applying the appropriate food composition factors to the quantities of the commodities. Per person consumption is derived from the total amount of food available for human consumption by dividing total protein by total population actually partaking of the food supplies during the reference period.
However, per person figures represent only the average supply available for the population as a whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actually consumed by individuals. The actual food consumption may be lower than the quantity shown as food availability depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses of food in the household, e.g. during storage, in preparation and cooking, as plate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals and pets, thrown or given away. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Domestic goods | Domestic goods are goods originating in the economic territory of a country, while foreign goods are goods which originate from the rest of the world. Determination of the origin of goods in each compiling country is made in accordance with national rules. It is recognized that these rules may lead to different attributions of origin and to incompatibilities in partner statistics. The harmonization of rules of origin is, therefore, one of the important challenges to customs and statistical authorities. | UNSD. 2004. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual. New York. |
| Domestic supply | Production + imports - exports + changes in stocks (decrease or increase) = supply for domestic utilization.
There are various ways of defining supply and, in fact, various concepts are in use. The elements involved are production, imports, exports and changes in stocks (increase or decrease). There is no doubt that production, imports and stock changes (either decrease or increase in stocks) are genuine supply elements. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Economic territory | Economic territory of a country consists of the geographic territory administered by a government within which persons, goods and capital circulate freely and includes:
(a) airspace, territorial waters, and continental shelf lying in international waters over which the country enjoys exclusive rights or over which it has, or claims to have, jurisdiction in respect of the right to fish or to exploit fuels or minerals below the seabed;
(b) territorial enclaves in the rest of the world (clearly demarcated areas of land which are located in other countries and which are used by the government which owns or rents them for diplomatic, military, scientific or other purposes - embassies, consulates, military bases, scientific stations, information or immigration offices, aid agencies, etc. - with the formal political agreement of the government of the country in which they are physically located). Goods or persons may move freely between a country and its territorial enclaves abroad, but become subject to control by the government of the country in which they are located if they move out of the enclave;
(c) any free zones, or bonded warehouses or factories operated by offshore enterprises under customs control (these form part of the economic territory of the country in which they are physically located).
In the case of maritime countries, their economic territory includes any islands belonging to that country which are subject to exactly the same fiscal and monetary authorities as the mainland, so that goods and persons may move freely to and from such islands without any kind of customs or immigration formalities.
The economic territory of a country does not include the territorial enclaves used by foreign governments or international organizations that are physically located within the geographical boundaries of that country. | - UNSD. 2004. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual. New York.
- 1993 System of National Accounts, paragraph 14.9. |
| Economically active female population | This refers to the number of all employed and unemployed female persons (including those seeking work for the first time). It covers female employers; self-employed workers; salaried employees; wage earners; unpaid workers assisting in a family, farm or business operation; members of producers' cooperatives; and members of the armed forces. The economically active female population is also called the female labour force. | International Labour Organisation (ILO) |
| Economically active female population in agriculture | Economically active female population in agriculture is that part of the economically active female population engaged in or seeking work in agriculture, hunting, fishing or forestry. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Economically active male population | This refers to the number of all employed and unemployed male persons (including those seeking work for the first time). It covers male employers; self-employed workers; salaried employees; wage earners; unpaid workers assisting in a family, farm or business operation; members of producers' cooperatives; and members of the armed forces. The economically active male population is also called the male labour force. | International Labour Organisation (ILO) |
| Economically active male population in agriculture | Economically active male population in agriculture is that part of the economically active male population engaged in or seeking work in agriculture, hunting, fishing or forestry. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Economically active population | This refers to the number of all employed and unemployed persons (including those seeking work for the first time). It covers employers; self-employed workers; salaried employees; wage earners; unpaid workers assisting in a family, farm or business operation; members of producers' cooperatives; and members of the armed forces. The economically active population is also called the labour force. | International Labour Organisation (ILO) |
| Economically active population in agriculture | Economically active population in agriculture (agricultural labour force) is that part of the economically active population engaged in or seeking work in agriculture, hunting, fishing or forestry. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Edible offal | These are edible parts or organs of the animals, other than fats, which are usually separated in the course of the preparation of the carcass at the slaughterhouses. | |
| Egg production | Covers all domestic birds which have contributed to egg production during the year, wherever they lay and the corresponding total production, including eggs intended to be used for hatching but excluding waste on farms. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Feed | Data refer to the quantity of the commodity in question available for feeding to the livestock and poultry during the reference period, whether domestically produced or imported. | FAO. 1986. The ICS users' manual. Interlinked computer strorage and processing system of food and agricultural commodity data. Rome. |
| Female population | Refers to the present-in-area (de facto) population which includes all female persons physically present within the present geographical boundaries of countries at the mid-point of the reference period. | United Nations, World Population Prospects |
| Fertilizer prices | Price of fertilizers expressed in local currency per tonne (t) of plant nutrient. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Fertilizers | Fertilizers may be organic, inorganic or mineral. Organic fertilizers play an important role in crop production and are derived from animal, plant and compost. Mineral fertilizers are available to the farmer in solid or liquid form, and are delivered to the farm either in bulk, in bags or in pressurized containers. All fertilizers contain at least one of the major plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). | |
| FOB | Free-On-Board. FOB-trade values include the transaction value of the goods and the value of services performed to deliver goods to the border of the exporting country. Export values are mostly reported as FOB. | UNSD. 2004. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual. New York. |
| Food | Data refer to the total amount of the commodity available as human food during the reference period. Data include the commodity in question, as well as any commodity derived therefrom as a result of further processing. Food from maize, for example, comprises the amount of maize, maize meal and any other products derived therefrom available for human consumption. Food from milk relates to the amounts of milk as such, as well as the fresh milk equivalent of dairy products. | FAO. 1986. The ICS users' manual. Interlinked computer strorage and processing system of food and agricultural commodity data. Rome. |
| Food aid | Food aid represent a transfer of food commodities from donor to recipient countries on a total-grant basis or on highly concessional terms. | From 1970/71 to 1990/91, data on food aid shipments was compiled by FAO from the information provided by donor countries, and complemented by data provided by the FAO Consultative Sub-Committee on Surplus Disposal, the World Food Programme (WFP), the International Wheat Council, OECD, and other international organizations. From 1990/91 to date, the information on food aid shipments has been provided to FAO exclusively by WFP. |
| Food aid received | Refers to food aid shipments which represent a transfer of food commodities from donor to recipient countries on a total-grant basis or on highly concessional terms. A food aid shipment record contains information on the year of shipment, donor, recipient, commodity and quantity in terms of thousand tonnes (t). Cereal food aid shipments are reported on a global trade year basis (July/June). The series starts from 1970/71. Processed and blended cereals are converted into their grain equivalent by applying the conversion factors included in the Rule of Procedures under the 1999 Food Aid Convention to facilitate comparisons between deliveries of different commodities. | From 1970/71 to 1990/91, data on food aid shipments were compiled by FAO from the information provided by donor countries and complemented by data provided by the FAO Consultative Sub-Committee on Surplus Disposal, the World Food Programme (WFP), the International Wheat Council, OECD and other international organizations. From 1990/91 to date, the information on food aid shipments has been provided to FAO exclusively by WFP. |
| Food Balance Sheets | Food Balance Sheets (FBS) are compiled every year by FAO, mainly with country-level data on the production and trade of food commodities. Using these data and the available information on seed rates, waste coefficients, stock changes and types of utilization (feed, food, processing and other utilization), a supply/utilization account is prepared for each commodity in weight terms. The food component of the commodity account, which is usually derived as a balancing item, refers to the total amount of the commodity available for human consumption during the year. Besides commodity-by-commodity information, the FAO FBS also provide total food availability estimates by aggregating the food component of all commodities including fishery products. From these values and the available population estimates, the per person dietary energy and protein and fat supplies are derived and expressed on a daily basis.
In the FBS production data refer only to primary products while data for all other elements also include processed products derived there from, expressed in primary commodity equivalent. | FAO Statistics Division,
http://www.fao.org/es/ess/compendium_2004/technotes.asp |
| Food consumption per person by food group | Food consumption per person is the amount of food, in terms of quantity, of each commodity and it's derived products for each individual in the total population. Figures are shown for food groups. | FAO Statistics Division, http://www.fao.org/faostat/foodsecurity/FSSDMetadata_en.htm |
| Food consumption per person by food item | Food consumption per person is the amount of food, in terms of quantity, of each commodity and it's derived products for each individual in the total population. Figures are shown for food items. | FAO Statistics Division, http://www.fao.org/faostat/foodsecurity/FSSDMetadata_en.htm |
| Food insecurity | A situation that exists when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life. It may be caused by the unavailability of food, insufficient purchasing power, inappropriate distribution, or inadequate use of food at the household level. Food insecurity, poor conditions of health and sanitation, and inappropriate care and feeding practices are the major causes of poor nutritional status. Food insecurity may be chronic, seasonal or transitory. | FAO. 2000. The state of food insecurity in the world - SOFI 2000. Rome. |
| Food production | For primary commodities, production relates to the total domestic production whether inside or outside the agricultural sector, i.e. including non-commercial production and production in kitchen gardens. Unless otherwise indicated, production is reported at the farm level for primary crops (i.e. excluding harvesting losses for crops) and livestock items and in terms of live weight (i.e. the actual ex-water weight of the catch at the time of capture) for primary fish items. Production of processed commodities relates to the total output of the commodity at the manufacture level (i.e. it comprises output from domestic and imported raw materials of originating products). Reporting units are chosen accordingly, e.g. cereals are reported in terms of grains and paddy rice. As a general rule, all data on meat are expressed in terms of carcass weight.
Usually the data on production relate to that which takes place during the reference period. However, production of certain crops may relate to the harvest of the year preceding the utilization period if harvesting takes place late in the year. In such instances, the production of a given year largely moves into consumption in the subsequent year.
In the Food Balance Sheets a distinction is made between "output" and "input". The production of primary as well as of derived products is reported under "output". For derived commodities, the amounts of the originating commodity that are required for obtaining the output of the derived product are indicated under "input", and are expressed in terms of the originating commodity. The various factors used, i.e. milling rates, extraction rates, conversion or processing factors, carcass weights, milk yield, egg weights etc., should indicate the average national rate at which these commodities are generally converted. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Food production index | Cf. Agricultural production indices under Methodologies | FAO Statistics Division |
| Food security | A situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. | FAO. 2000. The state of food insecurity in the world - SOFI 2000 |
| Food: total calories | Refers to the total amount of food available for human consumption expressed in kilocalories (kcal). Caloric content is derived by applying the appropriate food composition factors to the quantities of the commodities and shown in million units. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Food: total fats | Refers to the total amount of fat available for human consumption resulting from the multiplication of the quantity of food available. Fat content is derived by applying the appropriate food composition factors to the quantities of the commodities and are expressed in grams. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Food: total protein | Refers to the total amount of protein available for human consumption resulting from the multiplication of the quantity of food available. Protein content is derived by applying the appropriate food composition factors to the quantities of the commodities and are expressed in grams. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Forests and woodland | Land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. This category includes land from which forests have been cleared but that will be reforested in the foreseeable future, but it excludes woodland or forest used only for recreation purposes. The question of shrub land, savannah etc. raises the same problem as in the category "Permanent pastures". From 1995 and onward there are no data for this category. Data relating to forest area can be obtained from the FAO Forest Resources Division. Data are expressed in 1 000 hectares. | - FAO Annual Production Questionnaire
- National Statistical Yearbooks
- Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) |
| Frame | The universe, or a list, of all units or elements for which data are to be collected. For the purpose of agricultural censuses and surveys the frame may be defined as a list of all agricultural holdings. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| GDP | Gross domestic product | |
| General trade | The general trade system is in use when statistical territory of a country coincides with its economic territory. Consequently, under the general trade system, imports include all goods entering the economic territory of a compiling country and exports include all goods leaving the economic territory of a compiling country, including re-exports and imports into and exports from customs warehouses and free zones or ports. | UNSD. 2004. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual. New York. |
| Gini index | Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure, food dietary energy consumption) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. | WDI 2004 |
| GNP | Gross National Product | |
| Government expenditure allocated to agricultural and rural development | Data on government expenditure on agriculture refers to all non-repayable payments, whether capital or current, requited or not by government for the agricultural and rural development sector. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Gross production index number | Cf. Agricultural production indices under Methodologies | FAO Statistics Division |
| Gross production index number per capita | Cf. Agricultural production indices under Methodologies. Per caput index obtained by dividing Production Index numbers by index of population, or directly from per caput production. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Gross production value | Cf. Agricultural production indices under Methodologies | FAO Statistics Division |
| Gross weight | The gross weight of shipments in kilograms, including the weight of moisture content, packings and containers (other than containers such as cargo vans and similar substantial outer containers used for containerized cargo). | UNSD. 2004. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual. New York. |
| Hardware | In respect to computers refers to the machinery such as central processing unit, disk storage, printers etc., as opposed to the programs (software) that are written for its use. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Harvested production | Excludes harvesting losses and production not harvested for various reasons. Harvested production is one of the three main concepts of production (and yield) used by countries when reporting to FAO. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Harvester-threshers | Data refer to self-propelled machines that reap and thresh in one operation. Data are expressed in numbers in use in the agricultural sector. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Hired manager | A civil or juridical person who takes technical and administrative responsibility to manage a holding on a holder's behalf. Responsibilities are limited to making day-to-day decisions to operate the holding, including managing and supervising hired labour. Wages may be paid in cash and/or kind. A hired manager who shares economic and financial responsibilities, in addition to managing the holding, should be considered a holder or a joint holder. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Holder | A civil or juridical person who makes major decisions regarding resource use and exercises management control over the agricultural operation. The holder has technical and economic responsibility for the holding and may undertake all responsibilities directly or delegate responsibilities related to day-to-day work management to a hired manager. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Holding | See agricultural holding. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Household | A household may be either:
(a) a one-person household, i.e. a person who makes provision for his own food and other essentials of living without combining with any other person, or
(b)a multi-person household, i.e. a group of two or more persons who make some common provision for food or other essentials of living. The persons in the group may pool their incomes and have a common budget to a greater or lesser extent; they may be related or unrelated persons or a combination of both. The general criterion to be used in identifying the members of a multi-person household relates to the existence of common housekeeping arrangements. | International Labour Organisation (ILO), Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians |
| Household consumption expenditure | Household consumption expenditure refers to all money expenditure by the household and individual members on goods intended for consumption and expenditure on services, plus the value of goods and services received as income in kind and consumed by the household or individual members of the household. Thus the value of items produced by the household and utilised in its own consumption, the net rental value of owner-occupied housing and the gross rental value of free housing occupied by the household represent part of household consumption expenditure. | International Labour Organization (ILO), Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians |
| Import dependency ratio | Import dependency ratio (IDR) is defined as: IDR = imports*100/(production + imports - exports).
The complement of this ratio to 100 would represent that part of the domestic food supply that has been produced in the country itself. However, there is a caveat to be kept in mind: these ratios hold only if imports are mainly used for domestic utilization and are not re-exported. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Imputation | A term used in data processing indicating replacement of individual data which are either not consistent or missing. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Inequality of dietary energy consumption distribution | Gini index, an aggregate numerical measure, is used to measure the extent to which distribution of food dietary energy consumption distribution among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. Gini index ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 100 (perfect inequality). | FAO Statistics Division |
| Inequality of income distribution | Gini index, an aggregate numerical measure, is used to measure the extent to which distribution of income among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. Gini index ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 100 (perfect inequality). | FAO Statistics Division |
| Inequality of land distribution | Gini index, an aggregate numerical measure, is used to measure the extent to which distribution of land among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. Gini index ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 100 (perfect inequality). | - FAO Statistics Division.
- World Bank. 2000. World Development Indicators.
- UNDP. 2004. Human Development Report. |
| International Dollar prices | International Dollar prices are international prices expressed in a common currency (usually the US Dollar, hence their name) that were developed within the framework of GDP international comparisons.
International prices are useful in computing comparable value aggregates for different commodities groups. They also form a basic input to the computation of FAO’s Laspeyres-type production index numbers which use the concept of constant price comparisons. Inter-country comparison of aggregates and resulting index numbers hinges largely on the choice of an appropriate methodology for determining international prices. Details on theory, methodology and interpretation of international comparisons and international prices are discussed at length in many articles and ICP reports. Reported below are the main steps in the calculation of international prices.
International prices are a function of production of the different commodities in different countries, of their national prices and of the exchange rates between national currencies. These functions must satisfy some (mathematical) feasibility requirements and some criteria that ensure the economic significance of the results. The main methods that satisfy most requirements (Geary-Khamis, Gerardi, EKS, etc.) can be divided into two main categories: those methods that derive international prices and exchange rates directly from price and quantity data and methods that construct price index numbers directly from which, in turn, implicit exchange rates can be calculated.
The Geary-Khamis approach that has been chosen by the UN to define the international prices and exchange rates derived from the data through a system of interdependent equations. In the equation system international prices of commodities are weighted averages of national prices converted into a common currency and weighted by national outputs. Exchange rates are equal to the ratio of the value of production of a given country at international prices divided by the value of production of the same country in national currency. When one currency is chosen as the numeraire, the system can be solved and has a unique solution. Exchange rates of the other currencies and international prices can be expressed in terms of the currency chosen as the reference. The set of international prices and exchange rates thus obtained can enter directly the computation of price and quantity index numbers. | FAO Statistics Division |
| International dollars | In aggregating production of commodities that cannot be added up with their physical weight, for example cereals and cotton, and also to make regional totals without using official exchange rates to US dollars, or to any other currency, which are often misleading, particularly for developing countries, the aggregation of production has been made on the basis of the value of commodities by using '' international commodity prices'' .
Those prices result from the iterative comparison, through mathematical methods, of the production value of all commodities in all countries, obtained from the producer prices of each commodity/country, with the corresponding value of production in the United States obtained in a similiar manner.
With the operation, both special exchange rates to US dollars for each country and thereby special commodity prices for each commodity are obtained: The so called '' International dollars'' .
Thus , the method assigns a single price to each commodity and country. For example , 1 ton of maize has the same price in whichever country it is produced.
As both production and producer prices entering in the game are those of the average 1999-2001, it can be said that those prices are the average of prices in different countries, around 2000, after converting them into a common currency unit. Therefore the Indices indicate fairly well production trends as prices are not based on official exchange rates to US dollars but on special exchange rates derived from the Geary-Khamis formula. While official exchange rates are much influenced by sectors (industry, services, finance, etc) which have nothing to do with the agricultural sector, the Geary-Khamis formula takes into account only the agricultural sector.
Two examples: Cereal production in China for 1999-01 was, by using official exchange rates to US dollars, 54.8 billion dollars; by using "international commodity prices", 71 billion "international dollars". Corresponding figures for cereal production in India: 31 and 44 billion. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Irrigated area | Refers to the areas equipped to provide water to crops. These include areas equipped for full or partial control irrigation, spate irrigation areas, and equipped wetland or inland valley bottoms. It should be noted that definitions on irrigation vary between countries. Data are expressed in 1 000 hectares. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Irrigation | Arable land and land under tree crops receiving the necessary water supply, in addition to precipitation, by irrigation schemes, thus excluding land receiving water by uncontrolled floods. The concept of irrigation covers land irrigated by canals, tanks, wells, artesian bores and sprinklers, either all year round or only during the dry seasons. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Killed weight | Killed weight is the gross weight of the carcass including the hide or skin, head, feet and internal organs, but excluding the part of the blood which is not collected in the course of slaughter. | |
| Kilocalorie (kcal) | Unit of measurement of dietary energy. It should be noted that in accordance to International System of Units, energy is measured in joules, J, but the customary usage of thermochemical energy units of kilocalories (kcal) is mostly used. 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ. | Human energy requirement (Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation), 2001 |
| Labour force | All those employed (including people above a specified age who, during the reference period, were in paid employment, at work, sel-employed or with a job but not at work) and unemployed (including people above a specified age who, during the reference period, were without work, currently available for work and seeking work). | International Labour Organisation (ILO). 1996. Economically Active Population 1950-2010: Fourth edition. Geneva. |
| Land area | Total land area excluding area under inland water bodies. The definition of inland water bodies generally includes major rivers and lakes. Possible variations in the data may be due to updating and revisions of the country data and not necessarily to any change of area. Data are expressed in 1 000 hectares. | United Nations Statistics Division |
| Land availability | Refers to arable land plus land under permanent crops. | FAO. 2005. Summary of world food and agricultural statistics 2004. Rome. |
| Land under permanent crops | Land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Data are expressed in 1 000 hectares. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Land use | In agricultural statistics refers to land classification according to the agricultural holders' concepts of use, i.e. arable land, pastures etc. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of birth were to stay the same during the lifespan. | World Bank. 2004. World Development Indicators. |
| List frame | In agricultural statistics consists of a list of villages or enumeration blocks and a list of names of agricultural holders with information required for locating them for the purpose of enumeration. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Live weight of animals intended for slaughter | Live weight of animals intended for slaughter is the weight taken immediately before slaughter. It is assumed that animals intended for slaughter are kept in the slaughterhouse premises for 12 hours and are not fed or watered during this time. | |
| Livestock | Animals such as cattle and sheep which are kept on the holding or otherwise for agricultural production. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Livestock manure | It refers to dung coming from cow, horse, sheep, goat, etc. | |
| Male population | Refers to the present-in-area (de facto) population which includes all male persons physically present within the present geographical boundaries of countries at the mid-point of the reference period. | United Nations, World Population Prospects |
| Marketed production | Production for sale. Excludes own consumption by farmers and perhaps some post-harvest losses. Marketed production is one of the three main concepts of production (and yield) used by countries when reporting to FAO. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Maximum dietary energy requirement | In a specified age and sex group, the amount of dietary energy per person that is considered adequate to meet the energy needs for heavy activity and good health. In an entire population, the maximum energy requirement is the weighted average of the maximum energy requirements of the different age and sex groups in the population. This is expressed in kilocalories per person per day. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Milk production | Production data of milk indicates the quantity of milk produced during the year from the animals of the species to which the Supply Utilization Accounts refer. Milk production data is reported according to the concept of net milk production: total production of whole fresh milk, excluding the milk sucked by young animals but including amounts fed to livestock. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Milking machines | Data refer to the number of installations consisting of several units, each composed of a pail, a pulsator and four teat cups and liners. Data are expressed in numbers in use in the agricultural sector. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Minimum dietary energy requirement | In a specified age and sex group, the amount of dietary energy per person is that considered adequate to meet the energy needs for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical activity. In the entire population, the minimum energy requirement is the weighted average of the minimum energy requirements of the different age and sex groups in the population. This is expressed in kcal per person per day. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) | NH4H2PO4, is formed when a solution of phosphoric acid is added to ammonia until the solution is distinctly acid. | |
| National poverty headcount (% of population) | National poverty rate is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty line. National estimates are based on population-weighted sub-group estimates from household surveys. | World Bank. 2004. World Development Indicators. |
| Natural deaths | Number of animals which died during the year due to natural causes (disease, floods etc.). | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Net production index number | Cf. Agricultural production indices under Methodologies | FAO Statistics Division |
| Net production index number per capita | Cf. Agricultural production indices under Methodologies.Per caput index obtained by dividing Production Index numbers by index of population. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Net production value | Cf. Agricultural production indices under Methodologies | FAO Statistics Division |
| Net weight | The net shipping weight in kilograms excluding the weight of packages or containers. | UNSD. 2004. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual. New York. |
| Nomadic animals | Nomadic animals are those without any fixed installation which continually or periodically shift from place to place. The phenomenon of nomadism exists in Africa and in the Near East. In areas where nomadism is practised, livestock may be enumerated twice, or may not be enumerated at all if enumerators fail to pay sufficient attention to this livestock-rearing practice. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Nomadic livestock | Refers to animals kept by households with no permanent place of residence who are forced by natural circumstances, such as scarcity of water and pastures, or because of climatic conditions to move from place to place. The enumeration of such holdings presents special problems. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Non arable and permanent crops | From 1995 this element includes any other land not specifically listed under arable land and land under permanent crops, permanent pastures, forests and woodland, built on areas, roads, barren lands etc. Data are expressed in 1 000 hectares (ha). | |
| Non fertilizer use | Non fertilizer use refers to the usage of all fertilizer products including feed not related to crop production or the manufacture of other fertilizer products. | |
| Non-agricultural population | The non-agricultural population is obtained as a residual of agricultural population from the total population. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Non-cereal food aid shipments | Non-cereal commodities or commodity groups include skimmed milk powder, vegetable oil, butter oil, other dairy products, meat, fish, pulses, sugar, dried fruit and other foodstuffs. From 1977 to 1986, because of the non-availability of data, non-cereal food aid is composed of four commodities only: skimmed milk powder, vegetable oil, butter oil and other dairy products. | From 1970/71 to 1990/91, data on food aid shipments was compiled by FAO from the information provided by donor countries, and complemented by data provided by the FAO Consultative Sub-Committee on Surplus Disposal, the World Food Programme (WFP), the International Wheat Council, OECD, and other international organizations. From 1990/91 to date, the information on food aid shipments has been provided to FAO exclusively by WFP. |
| Non-starchy foods | All food sources for dietary energy supply, except cereals and roots and tubers. | FAO. 2003. The State of Food Insecurity in the World (SOFI - 2003). Rome. |
| NPK blends | Consist of two or more intermediate granular fertilizer materials of matching physical characteristics blended together. | |
| NPK complex | Can be produced as the result of a chemical reaction of nitric acid on phosphate rock – the nitrophosphate route, with or without added ammonia and/or phosphoric and/or sulfuric acid or between sulfuric acid and ammonia – the ammoniation route. | |
| Number of live animals | This variable indicates the number of animals of the species present in the country at the time of enumeration. It includes animals raised either for draft purposes or for meat, eggs and dairy production or kept for breeding. Live animals in captivity for fur or skin such as foxes, minks etc. are not included in the system although furskin trade is reported. The enumeration to be chosen, when more than one survey is taken, is the closest to the beginning of the calendar year. Livestock data are reported in number of heads (units) except for poultry, rabbits and other rodents which are reported in thousand units. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Number of overnourished people | Number of persons with food intake that is in excess of maximum dietary energy requirements continuously. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Number of undernourished people | Number of people in a condition of undernourishment. The number of persons undernourished is obtained by multiplying estimates of the proportion of undernourished for each country by estimates of the total population. Undernourishment refers to the condition of people whose dietary energy consumption is continuously below a minimum dietary energy requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical activity. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Nutritional status | The physiological state of an individual that results from the relationship between nutrient intake and requirements and from the body’s ability to digest, absorb and use these nutrients. | FAO. 2000. The state of food insecurity in the world (SOFI -2000). Rome. |
| Opening stocks | Data refer to the quantities in stocks available at the beginning of the reference period irrespective of its origin, i.e. domestic production or imports. In principle, this should include stocks held at various levels between the farm and the level at which "final consumption" of the commodity is measured. In this sense, government stocks, stocks with manufacturers, importers, exporters and other wholesale merchants, transport and storage enterprises and stock on farms are included. A basic element of an account concerns volumes of the product under consideration at a specific point in time, most often expressed in terms of weight, in tonnes (1 000 kilograms). In practice, comprehensive and reliable data are rarely available, therefore the Supply Utilization Accounts make use of the stock variation rather than levels. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Organic manure | Organic manures are natural products derived from material of livestock, poultry, compost and sewage wastes and including others also used by farmers for maintaining soil fertility essential for plant growth.
| |
| Other agricultural machinery | Other agricultural machinery and parts thereof, excluding harvesters and threshers, milking machines, soil machines and tractors. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Other fertilizers | May include: Ammonium bicarbonate (283610), Ammonium chloride (282710), Ammonium sulphate nitrate (310229), Basic slag (310320), Calcium cyanamide (310270), Calcium nitrate (283429 and 310260), Crude potash salts (310410), Dicalcium phosphate (283525), Fused and other straight phosphates (283526 and 310390), NK compounds other than Potassium nitrate (310590), Potassium magnesium sulphate (310490), Sodium nitrate (310250), Other straight nitrogen materials not elsewhere specified (310290), etc. | |
| Other manure | It includes other types of organic manures may include green manures (grass and weeds that have been cut from lawn, etc). | |
| Other NP compounds | Can be produced as the result of a chemical reaction of nitric acid on phosphate rock, with or without added ammonia and/or phosphoric and/or sulfuric acid or between sulfuric acid and ammonia. or by simple mechanical mixing or blending. Other NP compounds may also include some AN grades with small amounts of phosphates. | |
| Other utilization | Data refer to quantities of commodities used for non-food purposes, e.g. oil for soap. In order not to distort the picture of the national food pattern quantities of the commodity in question consumed mainly by tourists are included here (see also "Per capita supply"). In addition, this variable covers pet food. | FAO. 1986. The ICS users' manual. Interlinked computer strorage and processing system of food and agricultural commodity data. Rome. |
| Overnourished population | Share of population with food intake that is in excess of maximum dietary energy requirements continuously. | FAO. 2003. Proceedings Measurement and assessment of food deprivation and undernutrition. International Scientific Symposium Rome, 26-28 June 2002. An Inter-agency Initiative to Promote Information and Mapping Systems on Food Insecurity and Vulnerability (FIVIMS). Rome. |
| Overnourishment | Food intake that is in excess of dietary energy requirements continuously. | FAO. 2000. The state of food insecurity in the world 2000. Rome. |
| Per capita supply | Estimates of per capita food supplies available for human consumption during the reference period in terms of quantity, caloric value, protein and fat content. Calorie supplies are reported in kilocalories (1 calorie = 4.19 kilojoules). Per capita supplies in terms of product weight are derived from the total supplies available for human consumption (i.e. Food) by dividing the quantities of Food by the total population actually partaking of the food supplies during the reference period, i.e. the present in-area (de facto) population within the present geographical boundaries of the country. In other words, nationals living abroad during the reference period are excluded, but foreigners living in the country are included. Adjustments are made wherever possible for part-time presence or absence, such as temporary migrants, tourists and refugees supported by special schemes (if it has not been possible to allow for the amounts provided by such schemes under imports). In almost all cases, the population figures used are the mid-year estimates published by the United Nations Population Division.
Per capita supply figures shown in the commodity balances therefore represent only the average supply available for the population as a whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actually consumed by individuals. Even if they are taken as approximation to per capita consumption, it is important to note that the amount of food actually consumed may be lower than the quantity shown here, depending on the degree of losses of edible food and nutrients in the household, e.g. during storage, in preparation and cooking etc. In many cases commodities are not consumed in the primary form in which they are presented in the commodity balance, e.g. cereals enter the household mainly in processed form like flour, meal, husked or milled rice. To take this fact into account, the caloric value, the protein and fat content shown against primary commodities in the commodity balances have been derived by applying the appropriate food composition factors to the quantities of the processed commodities and not by multiplying the quantities shown in the commodity balance with the food composition factors relating to primary commodities. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Permanent crops | Crops are divided into temporary and permanent crops. Permanent crops are sown or planted once, and then occupy the land for some years and need not be replanted after each annual harvest, such as cocoa, coffee and rubber. This category includes flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees and vines, but excludes trees grown for wood or timber. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Permanent pastures | Land used permanently (five years or more) for herbaceous forage crops, either cultivated or growing wild (wild prairie or grazing land). The dividing line between this category and the category "Forests and woodland" is rather indefinite, especially in the case of shrubs, savannah etc., which may have been reported under either of these two categories. Data are expressed in 1 000 hectares. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Pesticide consumption | Data refer to quantities of pesticides used in (or sold to) the agricultural sector. Figures are generally expressed in terms of active ingredients. Data are expressed in tonnes (t).
Pesticide means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances which may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids or other pests in or on their bodies. The term includes substances intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant or agent for thinning fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit, and substances applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage and transport. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Pesticide trade | Refers to the value of all types of pesticides (put up in forms or packings for retail sale or as preparations or articles), provided to (exports) or received (imported) from the rest of the world. Differences between figures given for total exports and total imports at the world level may be due to several factors, e.g. the time lag between the dispatch of goods from exporting country and their arrival in the importing country; the use of different classification of the same product by different countries; or the fact that some countries supply data on general trade while others give data on special trade. Data are expressed in thousand US dollars. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Pesticides | Pesticides refers to insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, disinfectants and any substance intended for preventing, destroying, attracting, repelling, or controlling any pest including unwanted species of plants or animals during the production, storage, transport, distribution, and processing of food, agricultural commodities, or animal feeds of which may be administered to animals for the control of ectoparasites. | FAO. 2005. Summary of world food and agricultural statistics 2004. Rome. |
| Phosphate rock | Is a natural rock containing one or more calcium phosphate minerals of sufficient purity and quantity as to permit its use directly after grinding or after chemical processing in the manufacture of commercial phosphate fertilizers. | |
| Pilot census | A "dry run" for the main census but on a limited scale. It is aimed to evaluate all aspects of the census operation. It usually takes place some months before the census. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| PK compounds | These comprise mixtures of superphosphate or basic slag or ground phosphate rock with straight potash products. PK compounds produced as a result of a chemical reaction are not produced for fertilizer usage. | |
| Population density | Number of persons in the total population for a given year per square kilometre of total surface area. | UN Demographic Yearbook |
| Post-enumeration survey | A small-scale survey aimed at evaluating the accuracy of the data collected during the census. It provides valuable information for dissemination. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Potassium chloride | Is refined from mined, low-grade naturally occurring ores as the mineral sylvite and in combination with sodium chloride as sylvinite. Potassium chloride contains from about 48 to 62 % K20. | |
| Potassium nitrate | KNO3 can be produced from naturally occurring sodium nitrate and potassium chloride and typically contains 13%N and 45% K2O. | |
| Potassium Sulphate | Is a white crystalline salt and contains 48 to 52 per cent potash (K20). Potassium sulfate can be extracted from naturally occurring brines or by the decomposition of potassium chloride with sulfuric acid. | |
| Poultry manure | It covers droppings from chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, pigeons, etc. | |
| PPP | A purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor is the number of units of a country’s currency required to buy the same amounts of goods and services in the domestic market as U.S. dollar would buy in the United States.
Source: World Bank, International Comparison Programme database.
The international comparability of prices converted into US Dollars may not be entirely justified because the exchange rates applied may, in practice, only be used for the conversion of a limited number of external transactions and may not be relevant for the much larger portion of GDP covering domestic transactions. The exchange rate simply converts the GDPs into the same currency units. Also, exchange rates are based on short-term factors and are subject to substantial distortions even when averaged over a period of time.
PPP’s were introduced to compare GDP aggregates not only in a common currency but at the same price level. PPP’s as published by the World Bank in World Development Indicators are applied. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Prevalence of overnourished in total population | Proportion of the population in a condition of overnourishment. | FAO. 2003. Proceedings Measurement and assessment of food deprivation and undernutrition. International Scientific Symposium Rome, 26-28 June 2002. An Inter-agency Initiative to Promote Information and Mapping Systems on Food Insecurity and Vulnerability (FIVIMS). Rome. |
| Prevalence of undernourishment | Proportion of the population in a condition of undernourishment. Undernourishment refers to the condition of people whose dietary energy consumption is continuously below a minimum dietary energy requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical activity. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Prices in Agricultural PPP | Prices in Agricultural Purchasing Power Parities (AgPPP) are calculated by converting prices in local currencies into prices in Dollars using Agricultural PPP’s instead of exchange rates.
Agriculture Purchasing Power Parities have been calculated to equalise purchasing power across countries based on countries’ agricultural output by applying the Geary-Khamis equation system to agriculture output and prices (FAOSTAT datasets of prices in local currency and production in physical terms).
The equations generate to sets of parameters: a set of international prices expressed in a common currency and a set of (agriculture) purchasing power parities which equalise countries’ value of production in local currency to their value of production in a reference currency. By setting a country’s AgPPP as equal to 1 the system provides a unique set of solutions.
It has been customary to set the USA’s AgPPP as equal to 1 and to express PPP’s in relation to the US Dollar. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Prices in local currency | Prices in local currency are nominal producer prices expressed in the local currency prevailing in the current year. Thus currency changes can be observed as breaks in the series. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Prices in Standard Local Currency (SLC) | Prices in SLC are equal to producer prices in local currency multiplied by currency conversion factors. Currency conversion factors (CCF) are a special kind of exchange rates that convert the new currency of a given country into the old currency of the same country. These series are consistent over time and do not breaks when a currency change occurs. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Prices in US Dollars (US $) | Prices in US Dollars are equal to producer prices in local currency times the exchange rate of the selected year. The main exchange rates source used is the IMF. Where official and commercial exchange rates differ significantly, the commercial exchange rate may be applied. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Primary crops | Primary crops are those which come directly from the land and without having undergone any real processing, apart from cleaning. They maintain all the biological qualities they had when they were still on the plants. Certain primary crops can be aggregated, with their actual weight, into totals offering meaningful figures on area, yield, production and utilization; for example, cereals, roots and tubers, nuts, vegetables and fruits. Other primary crops can be aggregated only in terms of one or the other component common to all of them. For example, primary crops of the oil-bearing group can be aggregated in terms of oil or oil cake equivalent.
Primary crops are divided into temporary and permanent crops. Temporary crops are those which are both sown and harvested during the same agricultural year, sometimes more than once; permanent crops are sown or planted once and not replanted after each annual harvest. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Primary livestock products from live animals | Primary livestock products from live animals include milk, eggs, honey, beeswax and fibres of animal origin. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Primary livestock products from slaughtered animals | Primary livestock products come directly from slaughtered animals and include meat,edible offal, slaughtered fats, fresh hides and skins. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Primary sampling unit | First level of sub-division of the population, created by selection of a part of the population for further sub-sampling. These may be villages or area blocks which may be sub-divided into segments. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Processed livestock products from live animals | These are derived from primary livestock products from live animals, particularly dairy products, such as butter,cheese,and dried eggs. Production data refer only to primary products while data for all other elements also include processed products derived there from, expressed in primary commodity equivalent. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Processed livestock products from slaughtered animals | Derived from the processing of primary livestock products from slaughtered animals and include bacon, ham, sausages, canned meat, lard and tallow. Production data refer only to primary products while data for all other elements also include processed products derived there from, expressed in primary commodity equivalent. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Producer prices | Producer prices are prices received by farmers for primary agricultural products as defined in the SNA 93.
The producer's price is the amount receivable by the producer from the purchaser for a unit of a good or service produced as output minus any VAT, or similar deductible tax, invoiced to the purchaser. It excludes any transport charges invoiced separately by the producer.
Time series refer to the national average prices of individual commodities comprising all grades, kinds and varieties, received by farmers when they participate in their capacity as sellers of their own products at the farm gate or first-point-of-sale. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Production | Figures relate to the total domestic production whether inside or outside the agricultural sector, i.e. it includes non-commercial production and production from kitchen gardens. Unless otherwise indicated, production is reported at the farm level for crop and livestock products (i.e. in the case of crops, excluding harvesting losses) and in terms of live weight for fish items (i.e. the actual ex-water weight at the time of the catch).
All data shown relate to total meat production from both commercial and farm slaughter. Data are expressed in terms of dressed carcass weight, excluding offal and slaughter fats. Production of beef and buffalo meat includes veal; mutton and goat meat includes meat from lambs and kids; pig meat includes bacon and ham in fresh equivalent. Poultry meat includes meat from all domestic birds and refers, wherever possible, to ready-to-cook weight. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Production - Livestock primary | Livestock primary products include products from live and slaughtered animals. Products from slaughtered animals include meat, offals, raw fats, fresh hides and skins. Products from live animals include milk, eggs, honey, beeswax and fibres of animal origin.
All data shown relate to total meat production from both commercial and farm slaughter. Data are given in terms of dressed carcass weight, i.e. excluding offals and slaughter fats. Production of beef and buffalo meat includes veal; mutton and goat meat includes meat from lambs and kids, respectively; pig meat includes bacon and ham in fresh equivalent. Poultry meat includes meat from all domestic birds and refers, wherever possible, to ready-to-cook weight.
Cow milk production relates to total production of whole fresh milk, excluding the milk sucked by young animals but including amounts fed to livestock. The concept of production of buffalo, sheep and goat milk is the same as for cow milk; however, the coverage is probably less adequate.
Egg production covers all domestic birds which have contributed to egg production during the year, wherever they lay and the corresponding total production, including eggs intended to be used for hatching but excluding waste on farms. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Production of derived vegetal products | Processed products of vegetal origin. Their parent products are found in the group 'Primary crops'. Production corresponds to the total output obtained from the processing of the input commodity in question (primary crops) during the calendar year. The quantity includes the output of home processing and of manufacturing industries and traditional processing. Data refer to total net production excluding processing losses, i.e. ex-factory or ex-establishment weight. As with the production of primary crops, it may occur that most of the output is obtained at the end of the calendar year and will be utilized during the following year. Olives picked towards the end of the year are immediately crushed after to avoid spoilage. Olive oil output therefore cannot enter the consumption during the same year. In these cases allocations to and from stocks (in the subsequent years) are made.Production data refer only to primary products while data for all other elements also include processed products derived there from, expressed in primary commodity equivalent. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Publicity | The means of informing the public of the purpose of the census and ensuring cooperation of the holders during the enumeration process. All kinds of media may be used for the publicity campaign. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Quantity of fertilizer consumption | Fertilizer consumption refers to the different fertilizers (N, P, K and compounds) used in agriculture by a country. The time reference for fertilizer consumption is generally the crop year (July through June). Data are expressed in tonnes (t) of plant nutrients (N, P2O5, K2O). | FAO Statistics Division |
| Quantity of fertilizer exports | Quantity of fertilizers in tonnes (t) of plant nutrients (N, P2O5, K2O) exported by a country. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Quantity of fertilizer imports | Quantity of fertilizers in tonnes (t) of plant nutrients (N, P2O5, K2O) imported by a country. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Quantity of fertilizer production | Fertilizer production refers to the different fertilizers (N, P, K and compounds) produced by a country. Production based on imported ammonia, phosphoric acid or rock phosphate is considered as national production, while that based on imported finished fertilizers (ammonium phosphate, potassium chloride, etc.) is excluded from national production to avoid double counting at the world level. The time reference for fertilizer production is generally the crop year (July through June). Data are expressed in tonnes (t) of plant nutrients (N, P2O5, K2O). | FAO Statistics Division |
| Quantity of food and agricultural exports | According to FAO methodology the quantity of food and agricultural exports included in the FAOSTAT database is expressed in terms of weight (tonnes) for all commodities except for live animals which are expressed in units (heads); poultry, rabbits, pigeons and other birds are expressed in thousand units. As a general rule, trade quantity refer to net weight, excluding any sort of container. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Quantity of food and agricultural imports | According to FAO methodology the quantity of food and agricultural imports included in the FAOSTAT database is expressed in terms of weight (tonnes) for all commodities except for live animals which are expressed in units (heads); poultry, rabbits, pigeons and other birds are expressed in thousand units. As a general rule, trade quantity refer to net weight, excluding any sort of container. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Questionnaire | The document used by the enumerators for recording the data. Its design is one of the most important operations of the census process. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Raw data | Data on the questionnaire provided by the respondent or measured by the enumerator; such data are not yet reviewed or processed or ready for use. They are normally treated as confidential. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Re-exports | Re-exports refer to foreign goods exported from any part of the economic territory of a country in the same state as previously imported. The term “in the same state” is applicable to foreign goods even if they underwent minor processing which did not change their origin. The scope of re-exports is not restricted to goods flows identified as re-exports in customs records. It includes, for instance, foreign goods which are withdrawn, in the same state, from the free circulation area. Sometimes the latter category of goods is given a special name (e.g. “nationalized” goods) and is included in the outright exportation, not in re-exports. Such practice is not recommended however, since it does not correctly reflect the structure of a compiling country's total exports. Foreign goods which enter a country for temporary storage (e.g. in customs warehouses) and leave the country shortly afterwards are to be excluded from trade statistics (i.e. they are not to be treated as re-exports).
In FAOSTAT the export data includes re-export data reported by country. | - UNSD. 2004. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual. New York.
- FAO Statistics Division |
| Rural population | Residual population after subtracting urban population from total population. | |
| Rural poverty headcount (% of population) | Rural poverty rate or headcount index is the percentage of the rural population living below the rural poverty line. | World Bank. 2004. World Development Indicators. |
| Sampling frame | Can be defined as a list of sample units that: (a) includes all (100%) of the population of interest without duplication, (b) provides a clear cut means of identifying each sample unit, and (c) arranges these characteristics so that probability sampling can be done efficiently. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Sampling unit | Represents elements or groups of elements of the universe under study, which can be selected in the sample. There may be sampling units of different levels (see: primary and secondary sampling units), the lowest level being the element under study, i.e. agricultural holding. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Satellite imagery | Describes the images provided by satellites (SPOT, LANDSAT etc.) and sometimes used for the cartographic preparation. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Scope | Refers to the list of items for which data is to be collected. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Secondary sampling unit | A second level sub-division of the population (ultimate level in the case of two-stage sampling) which may be agricultural holdings or area segments, intended for sub-sampling. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Seed | Data include the amounts of the commodity in question set aside for sowing or planting (or generally for reproduction purposes, e.g. sugar cane planted, potatoes for seed, eggs for hatching and fish for bait, whether domestically produced or imported) during the reference period. Account is taken of double or successive sowing or planting whenever it occurs. The data of seed include also, when it is the case, the quantities necessary for sowing or planting the area relating to crops harvested green for fodder or for food.(e.g. green peas, green beans, maize for forage) Data for seed element are stored in tonnes (t). Whenever official data were not available, seed figures have been estimated either as a percentage of supply (e.g. eggs for hatching) or by multiplying a seed rate with the area under the crop of the subsequent year. | FAO. 1986. The ICS users' manual. Interlinked computer strorage and processing system of food and agricultural commodity data. Rome. |
| Self-sufficiency ratio | The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as: SSR = production*100/(production + imports – exports). The SSR can be calculated for individual commodities, groups of commodities of similar nutritional values and, after appropriate conversion of the commodity equations, also for the aggregate of all commodities. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to which a country relies on its own production resources, i.e. the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency.
While the SSR can be the appropriate tool when assessing the supply situation for individual commodities, a certain degree of caution should be observed when looking at the overall food situation. In the case, however, where a large part of a country's production of one commodity, e.g. other cereals, is exported, the SSR may be very high but the country may still have to rely heavily on imports of food commodities to feed the population. The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) cannot be the complement to 100 of the import dependency rate, or vice-versa. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Share of agricultural exports in domestic supply | Contribution of agricultural exports to total domestic supply. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Share of agricultural exports in total merchandise exports | Contribution of agricultural exports to total merchandise exports. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Share of agricultural imports in domestic supply | Contribution of agricultural imports to total domestic supply. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Share of agricultural imports in total merchandise imports | Contribution of agricultural imports to total merchandise imports. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Shifting cultivation | A land utilization method; a particular piece of land is cultivated for some years and then abandoned for a period required to restore its fertility by natural vegetative growth; it is then cultivated again. The distinguishing feature of shifting cultivation is that neither organic fertilizers nor manure are used to retain soil fertility. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Shifting cultivation | This is a peculiar land utilization method practised generally in remote and not easily accessible areas in certain African countries. A particular piece of land is cultivated for some years and then, when productivity decreases, it becomes more convenient to open up a new piece of land and abandon the exhausted one. Naturally, the crops grown in this sort of itinerant agriculture, are most probably excluded from the regular agricultural surveys. | FAO. 2001. Food balance sheets. A handbook. Rome. |
| Slaughter fats | Edible and inedible unrendered fats which fall in the course of dressing the carcasses and are recovered from the discarded and fallen animals; guts, sweepings, hide trimmings etc. | FAO Statistics Division |
| Software | Consists of programs that control a computer and its peripherals as opposed to actual machinery. | FAO. 1996. Conducting agricultural censuses and surveys. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 6. Rome. |
| Special trade | The special trade system is in use when the statistical territory comprises only a particular part of the economic territory, the free circulation area, which is the part within which goods may be disposed of without customs restriction. Consequently, special imports include all goods entering the fr |